Tracking groundwater pump use via satellite

Groundwater users across Australia could learn significantly from new research out of the United States. Nevada’s Desert Research Institute (DRI) scientists are advancing their understanding of groundwater use through the use of satellite imagery.

Drought is a widespread concern in the Western US, and water managers across the region are developing groundwater management plans to conserve the precious resource. Groundwater is often pumped to the surface to irrigate crops, and meters measuring pumped water flow have historically offered the best information on groundwater use. However, these meters are rare, so DRI scientists set out to determine whether OpenET, a platform that measures evapotranspiration using satellite data, could help fill this information gap.

The new study, published in a special issue of Agricultural Water Management, compared groundwater meter data with OpenET estimates for agricultural fields in Nevada and Oregon. The results demonstrate that OpenET can be used to accurately estimate the amount of groundwater used for crop irrigation at the level of individual fields. This is the first research to follow water from a groundwater well to a single field of crops, assess how much of that water the crops consumed, and provide insights into irrigation efficiencies at the same time. The method can inform water use for groundwater management planning across the country.

Lead author of the study and assistant research scientist of hydrology at DRI, Thomas Ott, said, “We knew where the water was drawn from and where it was being applied, and we showed that the satellite data could tell us how much crop water use and pumping occurred for individual fields.”.

Mr Ott said that access to detailed meter data is rare, so past studies focused on broader regions and couldn’t assess water use at the level of individual fields.

Evapotranspiration refers to the combined processes of evaporation and transpiration or the return of water to the atmosphere from the Earth’s surface and through plant photosynthesis. OpenET uses data from NASA and U.S. Geological Survey Landsat satellites combined with weather variables like humidity, air temperature and solar radiation to estimate evapotranspiration for landscapes worldwide.

The study centred on two agricultural regions with irrigation water flow meters that could be compared to the OpenET data: Diamond Valley, Nevada and Harney Basin, Oregon. Both regions have thousands of acres of irrigated alfalfa and hay and rely heavily on groundwater. In Diamond Valley, there was a seven per cent difference between the metered data and the OpenET estimates for water use. In comparison, Harney Basin showed a lower accuracy rate at a 17 per cent difference. The researchers wanted to examine how the OpenET results would perform across different irrigation systems, with Diamond Valley relying on centre-pivot sprinklers and Harney Basin utilising a mix of flood irrigation and sprinklers.

“Our study shows that OpenET can advance our understanding of agricultural water use, especially in basins without monitoring in place,” Mr Ott said. “Traditional methods often use an estimate of the maximum water use for a typical healthy field in a typical year, but lots of factors can bring that number down. Using satellite data gives a more realistic value.”

“By comparing the metered data and OpenET estimates, the study found that assumed values for water use in Diamond Valley were far higher than the amount of water used,” said Sayantan “Monty” Majumdar, assistant research professor of hydrologic sciences and remote sensing at DRI and a lead author on the study.

With information about the total amount of groundwater pumped to a field and the OpenET estimate of water used by the crop, the researchers also found that water use in the two study areas was highly efficient, with 90 per cent of irrigation water used by the crop in Diamond Valley, compared to 83 per cent in Harney Basin.

Mr Ott, Mr Majumdar, and the rest of the DRI OpenET team plan to expand this research to quantify the amount of water used in agriculture across Nevada as part of the Nevada Water Initiative. Nevada is the driest state in the US and currently relies on decades-old water availability and use estimates. The initiative will utilise advances in research methods and technology to provide a more robust assessment for informing water management moving forward.

The project is a collaboration between DRI, the Nevada Division of Water Resources, the USGS Nevada Water Science Center, and agricultural stakeholders across the state.

“The stakeholder engagement for this work is so important,” Mr Ott said. “Having grown up on a dairy farm, it was amazing to go into different parts of Nevada and see how the farmers work. One farmer graciously hosted me for a month while I was doing field surveys of meters and irrigation systems, and building those relationships is important for our future work.”

The publication, Toward field-scale groundwater pumping and improved groundwater management using remote sensing and climate data, can be found in Agricultural Water Management at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109000.

Image: Desert Research Institute (DRI)